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1. T-Test
A T-test was performed to determine whether the
difference in deflection between PVCs with safflower oil and DEHP at
10% and 40% concentrations were significantly different.
A. At 10%
Concentration
Deflection
of Safflower Oil 10%
|
X |
X - μ |
(X
μ)^2 |
|
2 |
-.1 |
.01 |
|
2.3 |
.2 |
.04 |
|
2 |
-.1 |
.01 |
|
Total
= 0.06 |
=
(0.06/2)^1/2 = 0.173
From
table, t = 2.920
Error = ts = 2.920 (0.173)
= 0.168
n 3
So, the
error is 0.06 + 0.168 and the range is -0.108 0.228
Deflection
of DEHP 10%
|
X |
X - μ |
(X
μ)^2 |
|
2 |
0.33 |
.1089 |
|
1.8 |
-0.17 |
.0289 |
|
2.1 |
0.13 |
.0169 |
|
Total
= 0.1547 |
= (0.1547/2)^1/2 = 0.278
From
table, t = 2.920
Error = ts = 2.920 (0.278)
= 0.271
n 3
So, the
error is 0.1547 + 0.271 and the range is -0.1163
0.4257
The ranges
-0.108 0.228 and -0.1163 0.4257 overlap, so the results are not
significantly different. From this, we can conclude that at the 10%
plasticizer concentration, the effect of safflower oil on deflection is
not significantly different from DEHP, and thus, can be seen as a
viable alternative.
B. At 40%
Concentration
Deflection
of Safflower Oil 40%
|
X |
X - μ |
(X
μ)^2 |
|
9.8 |
.1 |
.01 |
|
10.0 |
.1 |
.01 |
|
9.9 |
0 |
0 |
|
Total
= 0.02 |
= (0.02/2)^1/2 = 0.1
From
table, t = 2.920
Error = ts = 2.920 (0.1)
= 0.0973
n 3
So, the
error is 0.02 + 0.0973 and the range is -0.0773
0.1173
Deflection
of DEHP 40%
|
X |
X - μ |
(X
μ)^2 |
|
14 |
0.2 |
.04 |
|
13.8 |
0 |
0 |
|
13.6 |
-0.2 |
.04 |
|
Total
= 0.08 |
=
(0.08/2)^1/2 = 0.200
From
table, t = 2.920
Error = ts = 2.920 (0.200)
= 0.195
n 3
So, the
error is 0.08 + 0.195 and the range is -0.115
0.275
The ranges
-0.0773 0.1173 and -0.115 0.275 overlap, so the results are not
significantly different. From this, we can conclude that at the 40%
plasticizer concentration, the effect of safflower oil on deflection is
not significantly different from DEHP, and thus, can be seen as a
viable alternative.
After
performing the T-test at both 10% and 40% concentrations for safflower
oil and DEHP, it was found that the results from the deflection test
were not significantly different. Thus, safflower oil can be seen as a
viable alternative for DEHP in enhancing flexibility.
2.
Spearmans Rank Correlating Elastic Modulus and Deflection
Hypothesis: From the above scatter plot, there seems to be a fairly
strong negative correlation between elastic modulus and deflection.
|
Independent Variable |
Rank** |
Dependent Variable |
Rank |
d |
d^2 |
|
1.1 |
14 |
2774.7 |
6 |
8 |
64 |
|
2.1 |
9 |
1876.55 |
9 |
0 |
0 |
|
8.2 |
4 |
696.95 |
18 |
-14 |
196 |
|
6.3 |
6 |
964.83 |
15 |
-9 |
81 |
|
9.9 |
2 |
420.52 |
20 |
-18 |
324 |
|
0.53 |
17 |
1964.51 |
7 |
10 |
100 |
|
1.9 |
11 |
1675.91 |
10 |
1 |
1 |
|
3.07 |
8 |
1547.23 |
14 |
-6 |
36 |
|
5.93 |
7 |
960.52 |
16 |
-9 |
81 |
|
1.03 |
15 |
1964.51 |
7 |
8 |
64 |
|
1.9 |
11 |
1587.48 |
13 |
-2 |
4 |
|
0.63 |
16 |
3561.25 |
4 |
12 |
144 |
|
0.3 |
19 |
3785.82 |
2 |
17 |
289 |
|
1.4 |
13 |
1647.95 |
10.5 |
2.5 |
6.25 |
|
0.4 |
18 |
3302.39 |
5 |
13 |
169 |
|
0.23 |
20 |
3730.45 |
3 |
17 |
289 |
|
0.1 |
21 |
3860.48 |
1 |
20 |
400 |
|
1.97 |
10 |
1647.95 |
10.5 |
-0.5 |
0.25 |
|
6.77 |
5 |
865.72 |
17 |
-12 |
144 |
|
9.17 |
3 |
621.45 |
19 |
-16 |
256 |
|
13.8 |
1 |
317.29 |
21 |
-20 |
400 |
Rs
= -0.72134
Test of
Significance: When the Rs value is plotted on the significance graph,
it appears within the acceptance level with a less than 0.1%
correlation by chance.
From this
statistical test, we found that the higher the deflection value, the
lower the Elastic Modulus value. Thus, the more flexible a PVC film is,
the more elastic it is.
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