Home

Background Information
Practical Applications
Variables
Methods
Control 1
Control 2

Experiment 1

Analysis
Discussion

Troubleshooting Test

Experiment 2

Analysis
Discussion

Experiment 3

Analysis
Discussion

Conclusions
What's Next?
Endnotes
References and Acknowledgements

Appendices

Appendix A - Competent Cells Procedure
Appendix B - First experiment data and calculations
Appendix C - Second Experiment Transformant Enumeration
Appendix D - Second Experiment, Number of Cells Plated
Appendix E - Standard Deviations in the Second Experiment

Endnotes

1. Sabelnikov, A. & Domaradsky, I, Effect of Metabolic Inhibitors on Entry of Exogenous Deoxyribonucleic Acid into Ca++-Treated Escherichia coli Cells, p. 435.
2. Horizontal Gene Transfer.
3. Ibid.
4. Nielsen, K., Bones, A., Smalla, K. & Elsas, J, Horizontal gene transfer from transgenic plants to terrestrial bacteria – a rare event?, p. 84.
5. Snyder, L. & Champress, W., Molecular Genetics of Bacteria, p. 157.
6. Grinius, L., Nucleic acid transport driven by ion gradient across cell membrane, p.1.
7. Nielsen, K., Bones, A., Smalla, K. & Elsas, J., Horizontal gene transfer from transgenic plants to terrestrial bacteria – a rare event? p. 87-89.
8. Snyder, L. & Champress, W., Molecular Genetics of Bacteria, p. 157.
9. Ray, J. & Nielsen, K., Experimental Methods for Assaying Natural Transformation and Inferring Horizontal Gene Transfer, p. 502.
10. Bagyan, I, Transformation Using Artificially Induced Competence, p. 1312.
11. Ray, J. & Nielsen, K., Experimental Methods for Assaying Natural Transformation and Inferring Horizontal Gene Transfer, p.502.
12. Santos, E. & Kaback, R., Involvement of the proton electrochemical gradient in genetic transformation in Escherichia coli, p. 1157.
13. Norgard, M., Keem, K. & Monahan, J., Factors Affecting the transformation of E. coli strain x1776 by pBR322 plasmid DNA, p. 285.
14. Slonczewski, J., Rosen, B., Alger, J. & Macnab, R., pH Homeostasis in Escherichia coli: Measurement by 31P Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Methyl Phosphonate and phosphate, p. 6271.
15. Kaiser, G., Proton Motive Force.
16. Bremer, W., Kooistra, J., Hellingwerf, K., & Konnings, W., Role of the Electrochemical Proton Gradient in Genetic Transformation of Haemophilus influenzae, p. 868.
17. Felle, H., Porter, J., Slayman, C. & Kaback, H., Quantitative Measurements of Membrane potential in Escherichia coli., p. 3588.
18. Santos, E. & Kaback, R., Involvement of the proton electrochemical gradient in genetic transformation in Escherichia coli, p. 1156.
19. Felle, H., Porter, J., Slayman, C. & Kaback, H., Quantitative Measurements of Membrane potential in Escherichia coli., p. 3588.
20. Ibid, p. 3588.
21. Santos, E. & Kaback, R., Involvement of the proton electrochemical gradient in genetic transformation in Escherichia coli, p. 1157.
22. Grinius, L., Nucleic acid transport driven by ion gradient across cell membrane, p.1.
23. Bremer, W., Kooistra, J., Hellingwerf, K., & Konnings, W., Role of the Electrochemical Proton Gradient in Genetic Transformation of Haemophilus influenzae, p.872.
24. Ibid, p. 872.
25. Ibid, p. 872.
26. Sabelnikov, A. & Domaradsky, I., Effect of Metabolic Inhibitors on Entry of Exogenous Deoxyribonucleic Acid into Ca++-Treated Escherichia coli Cells. Journal of Bacteriology, p. 436.
27. Ibid, p. 436.
28. Ibid, p. 440.
29. Warnecke, T. & Gill, R., Organic acid toxicity, tolerance and production in Escherichia coli biorefining applications, p.25.
30. Small, P., Blankenhorn, D., Welty, D. & Zinser, E., Acid and base resistance in Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri: role of rpoS and growth pH, p.1729
. 31. Siegele, D., Bacterial Stress Responses.
32. Wurtzel, T., Plasmid DNA.
33. Sigma-Aldrich Co., Biological Buffers.
34. Santos, E. & Kaback, R., Involvement of the proton electrochemical gradient in genetic transformation in Escherichia coli, p. 1157.
35. Quiagen, QIAprep Miniprep Handbook, pp. 22-23.
36. Sigma-Aldrich Co., Biological Buffers.
37. Ibid.
38. Bremer, W., Kooistra, J., Hellingwerf, K., & Konnings, W., Role of the Electrochemical Proton Gradient in Genetic Transformation of Haemophilus influenzae, p. 868.
39. Lorenz, M. &Wackernagel, W., Bacterial Gene Transfer by Natural Genetic Transformation in the Environment. Microbiological Reviews, p. 579.
40. Norgard, M., Keem, K. & Monahan, J., Factors Affecting the transformation of E. coli strain x1776 by pBR322 plasmid DNA, p. 285.
41. Felle, H., Porter, J., Slayman, C. & Kaback, H., Quantitative Measurements of Membrane potential in Escherichia coli. Biochemistry, p. 3588.
42. Bagyan, I, Transformation Using Artificially Induced Competence, p. 1312.
43. Norgard, M., Keem, K. & Monahan, J., Factors Affecting the transformation of E. coli strain x1776 by pBR322 plasmid DNA, p. 290.
44. Snyder, L. and Champress, W., Molecular Genetics of Bacteria, p. 150.
45. Lorenz, M. &Wackernagel, W., Bacterial Gene Transfer by Natural Genetic Transformation in the Environment. Microbiological Reviews, p. 579.
46. Bremer, W., Kooistra, J., Hellingwerf, K., & Konnings, W., Role of the Electrochemical Proton Gradient in Genetic Transformation of Haemophilus influenzae, p. 872.